South Korean Scientists Work to Lower H2 Storage & Transportation Costs

In a recent study published in Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, a team of scientists at Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) explore the possibility to trap hydrogen inside ice-like crystals to make its storage and transportation less demanding.

Hydrogen (H2) is increasingly being posited as a key clean fuel for our transition to an eco-friendly life. Because hydrogen can be produced from water without generating carbon emissions, developing hydrogen-compatible technologies has become a top priority. However, the road ahead is bumpy, and many technical limitations must be ironed out. “Hydrogen is the smallest molecule in nature, and finding feasible ways to store it is a critical issue to realize a hydrogen economy,” states Youngjune Park, associate professor at GIST, who led the research.

GIST is a research-oriented university situated in Gwangju, South Korea. It aims to create a strong research environment to spur advancements in science and technology and to promote collaboration between foreign and domestic research programs.

Unlike hydrocarbons, pure H2 must be stored at an extremely high pressure (>100 atmospheres) or low temperature (−20 °C). Naturally, this represents a huge economic barrier for H2 storage. But what if we could trap H2 inside ice-like crystals to make storage and transportation less demanding?

These molecular cages exist in nature and are called ‘clathrate hydrates’. They are solid water-based compounds with cavities that can accommodate various molecules. Dr. Park’s team at GIST has been researching the use of clathrate hydrates as vessels for H2 storage. However, the enclathration of pure H2 is still a slow process that also requires extreme temperature and pressure conditions.

Instead of trying to form clathrate hydrates out of pure H2, previous researchers have suggested mixing it with natural gas, which was experimentally shown to promote enclathration at milder conditions. To improve upon this strategy, the team of GIST scientists set out to find the best hydrogen–natural gas blend (HNGB) for the energy-efficient formation of clathrate hydrates. To this end, they systematically investigated clathrate hydrates produced from HNGBs with different concentrations of methane, ethane, and hydrogen. They carefully analyzed the clathrate formation kinetics and structure and the distribution of trapped molecules.

The team was able to identify the precise gas concentrations at which point methane and ethane, acting as thermodynamic modulators, best enhance the H2 storage capacity of HNGB hydrates. Even at moderate pressure and temperature conditions (<100 atmospheres and −8 °C, respectively), the scientists achieved the maximum theoretical H2 storage possible for two types of clathrate hydrate cages: two and four H2 molecules in small and large cages, respectively. This feat had not been reported before, and the unprecedented findings of this study could thus help in the design of HNGB hydrate storage media.

Dr. Park observes, “Clathrate hydrates and HNGBs could provide a reasonable mid-term solution for storing what is known as ‘blue’ hydrogen, which is hydrogen produced using fossil fuel-based technology but with minimal CO2 emissions.”

Today, blue hydrogen is three times cheaper to produce than eco-friendly ‘green’ hydrogen. Therefore, the results of this study may help ease the gradual transition away from fossil fuels towards hydrogen, which is the key to a sustainable future.